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This study aims to realize natural and effort-saving motion behavior and improve effectiveness for different operators in human–robot force cooperation.

The parameter of admittance model is identified by deep deterministic policy gradient (DDPG) to realize human–robot force cooperation for different operators in this paper. The movement coupling problem of hybrid robot is solved by realizing position and pose drags. In DDPG, minimum jerk trajectory is selected as the reward objective function, and the variable prioritized experience replay is applied to balance the exploration and exploitation.

A series of simulations are implemented to validate the superiority and stability of DDPG. Furthermore, three sets of experiments involving mass parameter, damping parameter and DDPG are implemented, the effect of DDPG in real environment is validated and could meet the cooperation demand for different operators.

DDPG is applied in admittance model identification to realize human–robot force cooperation for different operators. And minimum jerk trajectory is introduced into reward objective to meet requirement of human arm free movements. The algorithm proposed in this paper could be further extended in the other operation task.

This study aims to introduce a multi-configuration, three-finger dexterous hand with integrated high-dimensional sensors and provides an analysis of its design, modeling and kinematics.

A mechanical design scheme of the three-finger dexterous hand with a reconfigurable palm is proposed based on the existing research on dexterous hands. The reconfigurable palm design enables the dexterous hand to achieve four grasping modes to adapt to multiple grasping tasks. To further enhance perception, two six-axis force and torque sensors are integrated into each finger. The forward and inverse kinematics equations of the dexterous hand are derived using the D-H method for kinematics modeling, thus providing a theoretical model for index analysis. The performance is evaluated using three widely applied indicators: workspace, interactivity of fingers and manipulability.

The results of kinematics analysis show that the proposed hand has excellent dexterity. Additionally, three different experiments are conducted based on the proposed hand. The performance of the dexterous hand is also verified by fingertip force, motion accuracy test, grasping and in-hand manipulation experiments based on Feix taxonomy. The results show that the dexterous hand has good grasping ability, reproducing 82% of the natural movement of the human hand in daily grasping activities and achieving in-hand manipulations such as translation and rotation.

A novel three-finger dexterous hand with multi-configuration and integrated high-dimensional sensors is proposed. It performs better than the previously designed dexterous hand in actual experiments and kinematic performance analysis.

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Expansion into international markets has become one of the main growth strategies for many organizations. The blueprint is straightforward enough. Identify untapped potential and exploit the opportunities provided. Build a strong market position and reap lucrative rewards. If only it was that simple. Entering any new territory in the home nation is invariably demanding enough. Factor in the additional challenges inherent in any oversea venture and the difficulty soars to even greater heights. In any market, companies are subject to both technical and institutional demands which increase the complexity of decisions firms have to make. Pressures differ in each environment, so reacting in an appropriate manner is a must. Negotiating these demands effectively can go a considerable way in determining whether organizations ultimately succeed or fail.

Provides strategic insights and practical thinking that have influenced some of the world's leading organizations.

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The purpose of this study of Google and Baidu in mainland China is to identify the key contingencies to firm strategic responses to technical and institutional pressures. From an institutional logic perspective and Hirschman's model of exit, voice, and loyalty, this research proposes a few propositions which are intended to explain why foreign and local companies adopt different responses to similar institutional requirements or under similar institutional pressures.

This study applies a historical chronological method by the recognition of certain types of events and key strategic activities conducted by two sample organizations from their foundations in mainland China till March 2010 when Google exited from China's internet search market. These activities were identified as the measurement of firm strategic responses to institutional pressures. Data were gathered from various sources, including documents published by sample organizations, online and media reports, etc.

It is found that firms adopted similar responses to technical pressures which were determined by characteristics of the internet industry. However, their responses to institutional pressures, which were driven by the state logic for control of the internet, were dramatically different. As a multinational corporation, Google was faced with inherent tensions between home and host institutional requirements. When the state control pressures increased, Google eventually selected a voice and exit strategy. Baidu, as a local leading player in China's internet market, adopted a loyalty strategy through closer collaboration with local institutional constituents, including government agencies and clients, in addition to its investment in creating corporate images and reputation among local internet users.

This research explores the dynamic and diverse responses of foreign and local companies to institutional pressures and advances our understanding of political properties in firm strategies and the importance of firm nationality in strategy making.